How do fossil fuels effect global warming?
I've seen lots of accurate answers, but most are a bit confusing. I'll give it a shot. I have a BS in Environmental Science, so I'm privy to a bit of information.
Solar radiation doesn't heat the atmosphere, it heats the rocks and soil and trees and roads and anything else that's solid. It will heat your body but not the air around it. The atmosphere is heated by thermal radiation given off by the rocks and trees and etc. after it has been heated by radiant energy from the sun.
Whenever we burn anything, vapors are released into the atmosphere. A smaller atmosphere holds less of this thermal (heat) energy. A larger atmosphere holds more. As we expand our atmosphere via these gaseous additions, it becomes able to store more heat. This is the beginning of a circular process...
As the atmosphere stores more heat, more water evaporates. Water vapor is the most prevalent "greenhouse gas," although I prefer to think of all gases as greenhouse gases. More water vapor expands the atmosphere, more heat is stored, more water evaporates, more heat is stored...etc. Get the idea?
So, as more water vapor enters the atmosphere more solar energy is stored. Thus, weather patterns become more erratic, because it is this solar energy that fuels our winds. Wind plus water equals weather. Also, since the storms become more violent, they become more concentrated and less evenly distributed. Expect more storms and more droughts, perhaps for the rest of our lives.
Case in point. Jupiter is a tiny rock inside a tremendous atmosphere. Even though it is very distant from the sun, it still stores enough energy that we can see an immense hurricane swirling about that has lasted for as long as we've been looking! That's hundreds of years! Once an atmosphere becomes heated, planetary weather becomes quite violent.
So, that is how burning ANYTHING affects the atmospheric storage of heat.